cand.jur. Gunnar Jommersbach*
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A. Introduction
“When will mankind be convinced and agree to settle their difficulties by arbitration?”
Benjamin Franklin
Arbitration is a flexible, consensual process for resolving business disputes in a binding, enforceable manner . The Parties to arbitration are free to agree on whether to use the Rules of the ICC International Court of Arbitration (the “Rules”) or the rules of another arbitral institution or even no rules at all . Especially for international negotiations and contracts, it is often easier for the Contracting Parties to agree on an arbitration clause as to an ordinary jurisdiction because both parties consent to “neutral” procedural and non-procedural codes. In addition to this, arbitration gives the parties “Party autonomy” which means that the choices are made by the parties themselves about how they want a dispute to be dealt with.
Arbitration by ICC has a long tradition dating back to 1923. ICC Arbitration means global arbitration. In 2010, ICC Arbitration took place in 53 countries in 98 different places and the range of languages in which awards were drafted extended to 12 . ICC is a non-governmental organization which ensures neutrality and the Rules of Arbitration are short, flexible and simple. Anyone can use ICC Arbitration, whether a company, state, state entity, international organization or even an individual. The Rules provide a flexible Framework, not a procedural code for Arbitration , therefore most aspects of ICC Arbitration is party autonomy . The Rules are available in several languages however only the english and the french versions are official texts. The following gives an overview over the process and the regulations under the Rules.
B. The Arbitration Agreement
I. Arbitration clause
Arbitration under the Rules is a formal procedure leading to a binding decision from a neutral arbitral tribunal. The Rules provide a framework for the private resolution for disputes with the administrative assistance of arbitral institutions: the ICC Court (the”Court”) and its secretariat, both parts of the International Chamber of Commerce are headquartered in Paris . Parties wishing to have recourse to ICC dispute resolution are encouraged to include an appropriate dispute resolution clause in their agreements. ICC offers some standard arbitration clauses, which can be adjusted to fit national laws and the parties’ special needs . A proposed standard clause is for example:
Arbitration
All disputes arising out of or in connection with the present contract shall be finally settled under the Rules of Arbitration of the international Chamber of Commerce by one or more arbitrators appointed in accordance with the said rules.
Such an Arbitration Agreement is the very first step for the parties to insure arbitration for solution of upcoming disputes. In order to maintain flexibility, ICC does not require a special arbitration clause. The arbitration agreement should include the place of arbitration, language of proceedings, procedure to be followed, applicable law and the number of arbitrators.
II. How to use arbitration clauses
Parties are free to adapt the chosen clause to their particular circumstances. If the parties for example do not want the Emergency Arbitrator provisions to apply, they must expressly opt out of it by using a special clause.
At all times, care should be taken to avoid any risk of ambiguity in the drafting of the clause. Unclear wording causes uncertainty and delay and can hinder or even compromise the dispute resolution process. To avoid such problems, parties are advised to take account of any factors that may affect their enforceability under applicable law .
III. Effect of the arbitration agreement
The effects of the arbitration agreement are described in Article 6 of the Rules. Pursuant to Article 6 (1), the Rules under which the parties, if they have agreed to submit to arbitration under the Rules, are the ones in effect on the date of commencement of the arbitration (general rule). However, parties can agree to submit to the Rules in effect on the date of their Arbitration Agreement. (Specific rule). Example: Parties have an arbitration agreement from 1995. In April 2012 one Party applies for Arbitration. In General, the arbitration Rules from 2012 should apply. If the Parties have agreed in 1995 to apply the 1995 Rules in case of Arbitration, the Rules of 1995 shall apply.
By agreeing to arbitration under the Rules, the parties have accepted that the arbitration shall be administered by the Court. If any party against which a claim has been made does not submit an answer or raises pleas against the existence, the validity or scope of the arbitration agreement, the arbitration proceeds and any question of jurisdiction is to be decided directly by the arbitral tribunal. The Court decides whether and to what extent the arbitration proceeds. The arbitration proceeds if the Court is satisfied that an arbitration agreement under the Rules exits. An arbitration agreement under the Rules may exist if there are more than two parties to the arbitration the arbitration proceeds between those parties, to which the court is satisfied that an arbitration agreement under the Rules that binds them all exits (-> Article 6 (4) (i)) or there are claims under more than one arbitration agreement, the arbitration proceeds (-> Article 6 (4) (ii)).
If any party fails to take part in the arbitration or any stage thereof, the arbitration proceeds.
The arbitral tribunal continues to have jurisdiction even though the contract itself may be non-existent or null and void if the arbitral tribunal upholds the validity of the arbitration agreement.
C. First steps in case of apply for arbitration
I. Commencing the arbitration and time limits
If a conflict arises and the parties have agreed to arbitration under the Rules, one party may apply for arbitration under these rules.
Pursuant to Article 4 (1), a party wishing to have recourse to arbitration under the Rules should submit its request for arbitration to the secretariat, which notifies the claimant and respondent of the receipt of the request and the date of such receipt. So the request begins the arbitral proceedings. After receipt of the advance payment of USD 3,000 the secretariat will inform the claimant and the respondent of the receipt of the request and the date of such receipt. The date on which the request is received is the date of the commencement. In order to maintain flexibility, ICC does not require ‘Requests’ to be in a particular form. A claimant party is free to determine the form of its request. In practice, requests come in numerous different styles and any formats . However, Article 4 of the Rules contains certain requirements for request.
The request has to contain:
- name, address, other contact details of each party
- name of the representatives of the parties
- description of nature and circumstances of the dispute
- a statement of the relief sought, together with the amounts of any quantified claims and, to the extent possible, an estimate of the monetary value of any other claims
- any relevant agreements and the arbitration agreement(s)
- an indication of the arbitration agreement under which each claim is made, if claims are made under more than one arbitration agreement
- all relevant particulars and any observations or proposals concerning the number of arbitrators and their choice (according with the provisions of Articles 12 and 13), nomination of an Arbitrator if required
- all relevant particulars and any observations or proposals as to the place of the arbitration, the applicable rules of law and the language of the arbitration
In addition to that, the claimant may submit such other documents or information with the Request as it considers appropriate or as may contribute to the efficient resolution of the dispute.
The request must be filed to the secretariat in Paris or Hong Kong.
If the claimant fails to comply with either of the above said documents, the secretariat fixes a time limit within which the claimant must comply, failing which the file will be closed. The claimant can submit the same claims at a later date of another request. Periods of time specified in or fixed under the Rules start to run on the day following the date a notification or communication is deemed.
II. Respondents answer to the request
Article 5 comprised rules for the answer to the request and rules for counterclaims. After 30 days from the receipt of the request from the secretariat the respondent submits an answer which contains the following information:
- name, description address, other contact details of the respondent
- dates of its representatives
- its comments as to the nature and circumstances of the dispute giving rise to the claims and the basis upon which the claims are made
- its comments to the relief sought
- any observations or proposals concerning the number of arbitrators and their choice in light of the claimant’s proposals (again according with the provisions of Articles 12 and 13), in addition to that, any nomination of an arbitrator
Like the claimant, the respondent may submit any other documents or information with the answer as it considers appropriate or as may contribute to the efficient resolution of the dispute. The secretariat communicates the answer and the documents annexed to all other parties. If the respondent files a counterclaim, the claimant should submit a reply to any counterclaim within 30 days from the date of receipt of the counterclaim.
D. Formalities
Pursuant to Article 3 (1) ICC, all pleadings and other written communications submitted by any party have to be supplied in a number of copies sufficient to provide one copy for each party, plus one for each arbitrator, and one for the secretariat.
All notification or communication can be made by delivery against receipt, registered post, courier, email or any other means of telecommunication that provides a record of the sending.
E. Join Additional Parties
It is possible for each party to join an additional party. A party wishing to join an additional party to the arbitration shall submit its request for arbitration against the additional party (the “Request for joinder”) to the Secretariat.
It is not possible to join an additional party after the confirmation or appointment of any arbitrator, unless all parties, including the additional party, otherwise agree.
The Request for Joinder must contain the following information:
- the case reference of the existing arbitration
- the name in full, description, address and other contact details of each of the parties, including the additional party
- a description of the nature and circumstances of the dispute giving rise to the claims and of the basis upon which the claims are made
- a statement of the relief sought, together with the amounts of any quantified claims and, to the extent possible, and estimate of the monetary value of any other claims
- any relevant agreements and, in particular, the arbitration agreement(s)
- where claims are made under more than one arbitration agreement, an indication of the arbitration agreement under which each claim is made
It is possible to consolidate two or more arbitrations pending under the rules into a single arbitration (Article 10 ICC) if:
- the parties have agreed to consolidation
- all of the claims in the arbitrations are made under the same arbitration agreement
- the claims in the arbitrations are made under more than one arbitration agreement. The arbitrations are between the same parties, the disputes in the arbitrations arise in connection with the same legal relationship and the court finds the arbitration agreements to be compatible
F. The Arbitrators
Pursuant to Article 12 the disputes should be decided by a sole arbitrator or by three arbitrators. The parties can agree upon the number of arbitrators. If the parties have not agreed upon the number of arbitrators, the Court appoints a sole arbitrator or three arbitrators. One by each party. If a party fails to nominate an arbitrator, the appointment is to be made by the Court.
Every arbitrator must be and remain impartial and independent of the parties. Therefore, every prospective arbitrator must sign a statement of acceptance, availability, impartiality and independence before being appointed or confirmed. A prospective arbitrator has to inform the secretariat about all circumstances, why he/she may not be independent in the eyes of the parties. In confirming or appointing arbitrators, the Court considers the prospective arbitrator’s nationality, residence and other relationships with the countries of which the parties or the other arbitrators are nationals. Every party can challenge the arbitrator(s). If a party challenges an arbitrator, it has to be made by the submission to the secretariat of a written statement specifying the facts and circumstances on which the challenge is based. The Court decides on the admissibility and on the merits of a challenge. In some circumstances, an arbitrator is to be replaced. In particular, an arbitrator is to be replaced in case of death, acceptance by the Court of the arbitrator’s resignation, acceptance by the Court of a challenge or the Court decides that the arbitrator is prevented de jure or de facto from fulfilling the arbitrator’s functions. When an arbitrator is to be replaced, the Court has discretion to decide whether or not to follow the original nomination process.
G. Procedure of Arbitration
I. Preparations and procedural timetable
Once an arbitration tribunal is established, the conduct of the arbitration can begin.
The parties and the arbitral tribunal are requested to make every effort to conduct the arbitration in an expeditious and cost-effective manner . In addition to this, the arbitral tribunal shall, in all cases, act fairly and impartially and ensure that each party has a reasonable opportunity to present its case.
As soon as it has received the file from the Secretariat, the arbitral tribunal draws up a document defining its Terms of References. This document must include:
- the names in full, address and other contact details of each of the parties and of any person(s) representing a party in the arbitration (-> Article 23 (1) a))
- the addresses to which notifications and communications arising in the course of the arbitration may be made (-> Article 23 (1) b))
- a summary of the parties’ respective claims and of the relief sought by each party, together with the amounts of any quantified claims and, to the extent possible, an estimate of the monetary value of any other claims (-> Article 23 (1) c))
- a list of issues to be determined (-> Article 23 (1) d))
- the names in full, address and other contact details of each of the arbitrators (-> Article 23 (1) e))
- the place of the arbitration (-> Article 23 (1) f))
- particulars of the applicable procedural rules (-> Article 23 (1) g))
The Terms of Reference have to be signed by the parties and the arbitral tribunal. After the Terms of References have been signed or approved by the Court, no party can make new claims which fall outside the limits of the Terms of Reference unless it has been authorized to do so by the arbitral tribunal, which can consider the nature of such new claims, the stage of the arbitration and other relevant circumstances.
When drawing up the Terms and References or as soon as possible after, the arbitral tribunal convenes a case management conference to consult the parties on procedural measures. During or following such conference the arbitral tribunal establishes a procedural timetable that it intends to follow for the conduct of the arbitration. The procedural timetable is communicated to the Court and the parties.
II. Establishing the facts of the case and hearings
After studying the written submissions of the parties and all documents, the arbitral tribunal hears the parties together in person if any of them so requests or, failing such a request, it can of its own motion decide to hear them. The arbitral tribunal can decide to hear witnesses, experts appointed by the parties or any other person, in the presence of the parties or not. Furthermore the arbitral tribunal can decide the case solely on the documents submitted by the parties unless any of the parties request a hearing (Article 25 (6)).
The arbitral tribunal gives reasonable notice to the parties if a hearing is to be held. The arbitral tribunal even has the power to proceed if any of the parties, although duly summoned, fails to appear without valid excuse. The parties don’t have to appear in person though they can appear through duly authorized representatives
III. Closing of the proceedings and date for submission of draft awards
The arbitral tribunal as soon as possible after the last hearing declares the proceedings closed with respect to the matters to be decided in the award and informs the secretariat and the parties of the date by which it expects to submit its drafts award to the Court for approval. After the proceedings are closed, no further submission or argument may be made, or evidence produced, with respect to the matters to be decided in the award unless requested or authorized by the arbitral tribunal.
IV. Final award
The arbitral tribunal renders a final award. The time limit within the arbitral tribunal must render its final award is six months. Such time limit normally runs from the date of the last signature by the arbitral tribunal or by the parties of the Terms of Reference. The Court can fix a different time limit for some reasons.
An award is made by a majority decision. If there is no majority in an arbitral tribunal which is composed of more than one arbitrator, the award is made solely by the president of the arbitral tribunal. The award states the reasons upon it is based. If the parties reach a settlement after the file has been transmitted to the arbitral tribunal, the settlement can be recorded in the form of an award made by consent of the parties. However the arbitral tribunal has to agree to do so. (Article 32) Every award has to be approved by the Court as to its form.
When all costs of the arbitration are fully paid and an award has been made, the Secretariat notifies to the parties the text signed by the arbitral tribunal. Every award is binding on the parties. By submitting the dispute to arbitration under the Rules, the parties undertake to carry out any award without delay and every party is deemed to have waived their right to any form of recourse insofar as such waiver can validly be made. (Article 34 (6)).
The arbitral tribunal can on its own initiative correct a clerical, computational or typographical error or any error of similar nature contained in an award, provided such correction is submitted for approval to the court within 30 days of the date of such award. (Article 35 (1))
H. Costs
The ICC is a non-profit association that provides various services, including the arbitration services under the Rules . Nonetheless there are costs for the parties doing arbitration under the Rules. The costs of arbitration are divided into the administrative costs of the ICC and the fees for the arbitrators . The fees for administration and arbitrators are fixed in scales; however the Court can fix the fees of the arbitrators at a figure higher or lower than that which would result from the application of the relevant scale if necessary due the exceptional circumstances of the case. The final award fixes the costs of the arbitration and decides which of the parties should bear them or in what proportion they shall be borne by the parties. In making decisions as to costs, the arbitral tribunal can take into account such circumstances as it considers relevant, including the extent to which each party has conducted the arbitration in an expeditious cost-effective manner. (Article 37 (5))
I. Miscellaneous
The place of arbitration is to be fixed by the court, unless agreed upon by the parties (Article 18 (1)). The arbitral tribunal determines the language unless agreed upon by the parties. The arbitral tribunal determines the language due regard being given to all relevant circumstances, including the language of the contract. The parties can agree to shorten the various time limits set out in the Rules. The Court, on its own initiative, can extend any time limit which has been modified if it decides that it is necessary to do so in order that the arbitral tribunal and the Court can fulfill their responsibilities in accordance with the Rules.
J. In particular: Interim protection and emergency Arbitrator under ICC Arbitration Rules
Regulations for interim protection are contained in Article 28 ICC and for contacting an Emergency Arbitrator in Article 29 ICC and pursuant to Article 29 (1) in Appendix V (“Emergency Arbitrator Rules”).
- I. Article 28 ICC (Conservation and interim Measure)
Pursuant to Article 28 (1) ICC the arbitral tribunal may as soon as the file has been transmitted to it at the request of a party order any interim or conservatory measure it deems appropriate. The requesting party may pay a security for that time.
Pursuant to Article 28 (2) ICC the parties can apply to any competent judicial authority for interim or conservatory protection before the file is transmitted to the arbitral tribunal.
- II. Article 29 ICC (Emergency Arbitrator)
An innovation of the 2012 ICC Rules of Arbitration is the Emergency Arbitrator. The Emergency Arbitrator Rules offer a procedure for parties to seek urgent interim relief that cannot await the constitution of an arbitral tribunal .
Any emergency measures granted take the form of an order, of which any be later revisited by the arbitral tribunal, once constituted.
Pursuant to Article 29 and Appendix V (“Emergency Arbitrator Provisions”) a party that needs urgent interim measures and that cannot await the constitution of an arbitral tribunal can make an application for such measures to the secretariat of the ICC international Court of Arbitration. However the exact urgency for interim measures is not defined . The Emergency Arbitrator provisions apply only to parties that are signatories to the arbitration agreement that is relied upon for the application or successors to such signatories. Such an application is accepted only if it is received by the secretariat prior to the transmission of the file to the arbitral tribunal. The emergency arbitrator’s decision has the form of an order. The order has a binding effect.
The Emergency Arbitrator provisions do not apply if the arbitrator agreement under the Rules was concluded before the date on which the Rules came into force (Art. 29 (6) a)). However, the Parties can agree that the Emergency Arbitrator provisions apply to arbitration agreements concluded before 1 January 2012. The Rules do not apply as well if the Parties have agreed to opt out of the Emergency Arbitrator provisions (Art. 29 (6) b).) or if the Parties have agreed to another pre-arbitral procedure that provides for the granting of conservatory, interim or similar measures (Art. 29 (6) c)).
Any party can seek urgent interim or conservatory measures from a competent judicial authority at any time prior to making an application for such measures and in appropriate circumstances. Any such application is not an infringement or a waiver of the arbitration agreement. Any such application and any measures taken by the judicial authority must be notified without delay to the secretariat (Art. 29 (7).)
III. Application for Emergency Measures
The application for emergency measures should contain the following information:
a) the name in full, description, address and other contact details of each of the parties
b) the name in full, address and other contact details of any person(s) representing the applicant
c) a description of the circumstances giving rise to the Application and of the underlying dispute referred or to be referred to arbitration
d) a statement of the emergency measures
e) the reasons why the applicant needs urgent interim or conservatory measures that cannot await the constitution of an arbitral tribunal
f) any relevant agreements and, in particular, the arbitration agreement
g) any agreement as to the place of the arbitration, the applicable rules of law or the language of the arbitration
h) proof of payment of the amount referred to in Article 7 (1) (USD 40,000) of Appendix V
i) any request for arbitration and any other submissions in connection with the underlying dispute, which have been filed with the secretariat by any of the parties to the emergency arbitrator proceedings prior to the making of the application.
The application should contain such other documents or information as the applicant considers appropriate or as may contribute to the efficient examination of the application.
IV. Differences to a request for arbitration under the Rules
The differences to a request for arbitration under the Rules are that the following information is not requested:
- Relevant particulars and any observations or proposals concerning the number of arbitrators and their choice in accordance with the Articles 12 and 13, and any nomination of an arbitrator
- All relevant particulars and any observations or proposals as to the place of the arbitration, the applicable rules of law and the language of arbitration
However, the following information is requested for a request for Emergency Arbitrator but they are not requested for a request for arbitration under the Rules
1. it is necessary that the request for emergency arbitration contains a description of the underlying dispute referred or to be referred to arbitration.
2. it is necessary to point out the reasons why the applicant needs urgent interim or conservatory measures.
V. Language of application for Emergency Arbitrator
The application for Emergency Arbitrator should be drawn up in the language of the arbitration if agreed upon the parties. If the parties have not agreed about the language, the application for Emergency Arbitrator should be drawn up in the language of the arbitration agreement.
VI. After applying for Emergency Arbitrator
After the application for emergency arbitration is transmitted to the secretariat, the president of the Court (the”president”) decides, on the basis of the information contained in the application, whether the Emergency Arbitrator provisions apply. If the president decides that the application applies, the secretariat transmits a copy of the application and the documents annexed thereto to the responding party. The president terminates the emergency arbitrator proceedings if a request for arbitration (for the “normal” proceedings) has not been received by the secretariat from the applicant within 10 days of the secretariat’s receipt of the application, unless the emergency arbitrator determines that a longer period of time is necessary.
If the president decides otherwise, the secretariat informs the parties that the emergency arbitrator proceedings should not take place and it transmits a copy of the application to the parties for information.
Moreover, the president has the power to decide at his own discretion, all matters relating to the administration of the emergency arbitrator proceedings.
VII. Emergency Arbitrator
1. Appointment, characteristics
The president appoints an emergency arbitrator within as short a time as possible, normally within two days from the secretariat’s receipt of application. After the file has been transmitted to the arbitral tribunal, pursuant to Article 16, no emergency arbitrator should be appointed. If an emergency arbitrator was already appointed, he/she retains the power to make an order within 15 days from the date on which the file was transmitted to her/him. After the emergency arbitrator has been appointed, the secretariat informs the parties and transmits the file to the emergency arbitrator. Thereafter, all written communications from the parties are submitted directly to the emergency arbitrator with a copy to the other party and the secretariat.
The emergency arbitrator shall be and remain impartial and independent of the parties involved in the dispute. To ensure that, before being appointed, a prospective emergency arbitrator has to sign a statement of acceptance, availability, impartiality and independence. In addition to that, an emergency arbitrator can’t act as an arbitrator in any arbitration relating to the dispute that gave rise to the application. In all cases, the emergency arbitrator shall act fairly and impartially.
2. Challenge
Every involved party can challenge the emergency arbitrator. A challenge must be made within three days from the receipt by the party making the challenge of (1) the notification of the appointment or (2) from the date when that party was informed of the facts and circumstances on which the challenge is based if such date is subsequent to the receipt of such notification.
The challenge is to be decided by the Court after the secretariat has afforded an opportunity for the emergency arbitrator and the other party or parties to provide comments in writing within a suitable period of time.
VIII. Place of the Emergency Arbitrator proceedings and the proceedings itself
1. Place of the Emergency Arbitrator proceedings
The parties can agree about the place of the emergency arbitrator proceedings. If they don’t agree, the president fixes a place for the proceedings. The place of emergency arbitration proceedings must not be the same place as the place of the arbitration. The meetings with the emergency arbitrator can be held in person at any location the emergency arbitrator considers appropriate but also by video conference, telephone or similar means of communication.
2. Proceedings and order
The emergency arbitrator establishes a procedural timetable for the emergency arbitrator proceedings within as little time as possible, normally within two days from the transmission of the file to the emergency arbitrator.
It is up to the emergency arbitrator to conduct the proceedings. The emergency arbitrator should take into account the nature and the urgency of the application. The Emergency Arbitrator has to ensure, that each party has a reasonable opportunity to present its case.
The emergency arbitrator’s decision has the form of an order.
The order includes/is made:
- a decision whether the application is admissible pursuant to Article 29 (2) of the Rules
- a decision whether the emergency arbitrator has jurisdiction to order emergency measures
- in writing
- reasons upon which it is based
- dated and signed by the emergency arbitrator
- fixes the costs of the emergency arbitrator proceedings
- decision which of the parties should bear the costs or in which proportion they should be borne by the parties
The order should not be made later than 15 days from the date on which the file was transmitted to the emergency arbitrator. However, the president can extend the time limit pursuant to a reasoned request from the emergency arbitrator or the president’s own initiative if the president decides it is necessary to do so.
The order is not binding on the parties if the president terminates the emergency arbitrator proceedings, the Court accepts a challenge against the emergency arbitrator, if there is already an arbitral tribunal’s final award unless the arbitral tribunal expressly decides otherwise, there is a withdrawal of all claims or there is a termination of the arbitration before rendering of a final award
IX. Costs of the Emergency Arbitrator proceedings
The applicant has to pay an amount of USD 40,000. This amount includes USD 10,000 for ICC administrative expenses and USD 30,000 for the emergency arbitrator’s fees and expenses. An application is not going to be notified until the payment of USD 40,000 is received by the secretariat.
The president has the power to increase the emergency arbitrator’s fees or the ICC administrative expenses at any time during the emergency arbitrators proceedings, if the nature of the case and the nature and amount of work performed by the emergency arbitrator, the Court, the president or the secretariat, demanded it. In case the applicant party fails to pay the increased costs within the time limit fixed by the secretariat, the application is going to be considered as withdrawn.
The costs of the emergency arbitrator proceedings include the ICC administrative expenses the emergency arbitrator’s fees and expenses and the reasonable legal and other costs incurred by the parties for the emergency arbitrator proceedings
When the emergency arbitrator proceedings do not take place because of one of the above said reasons or the proceedings are otherwise terminated prior to the making of an order, the president can determine the amount to be reimbursed to the applicant, if any. An amount of USD 5,000 for ICC administrative expenses is non-refundable.
K. Statement
One of the most important intentions of the Rules of 2012 is to conduct the arbitration in an expeditious and cost effective manner. To ensure that, the arbitral tribunal even has the power when making decisions as to cost, to take in account such circumstances as it considers relevant, including the extent to which each party has conducted the arbitration in an expeditious and cost-effective manner (Article 37 (5)). Another step to make the arbitration more efficient is the explicit inclusion of email and any other means of telecommunication for matters of written communication in Article 3 (2) . Moreover it is possible to conduct case management conferences by video conference, telephone or similar means of communication . However, the fact that a decision of the emergency arbitrator at the latest should be 15 days after receipt of the request shows that emergency arbitration for really urgent cases is unsuitable. In really urgent cases it might be more efficient to seek protection by state courts.
*In September 2012 I interned at Khaitan&CO advocates in New Delhi (India). I worked with the litigation team and I worked on cases in which the parties tried to resolve their dispute by means of arbitration of the ICC. In this context I dealt with the rules of ICC arbitration and wrote the present paper.